6 types of depression: recent research from Stanford University
Scientists have identified six subtypes of depression, each relating to the alteration of a brain circuit
For decades, depression was considered a single disorder with a single cause and cure. However, a recent research conducted at Stanford University is revolutionizing our understanding of this complex mental condition. Scientists have identified as many as six distinct subtypes of depression, each characterized by a specific alteration in the brain’s circuits.
Search results
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), the researchers identified six specific brain circuits that, when altered, can contribute to the development of depression. Each of these circuits is associated with different cognitive and emotional functions, such as attention, memory, motivation and emotion regulation.
Six circuits, six depressions
The six identified subtypes of depression are characterized then to the disregulation of these six circuits which are:
- Default mode circuit: This circuit is involved in introspective thinking and rumination. When it is altered, it can lead to an excessive focus on negative thoughts
- Salient circuit: This circuit helps us to select the most relevant information. When it is altered, it can lead to increased sensitivity to negative emotions and difficulty in concentrating
- Pleasure circuit: This circuit is involved in motivation and the pursuit of pleasure. When it is altered, it can lead to anhedonia, that is the inability to feel pleasure
- Negative emotion circuit: This circuit helps us respond to stressful situations. When it is altered, it can lead to an increase in anxiety and anger
- Attention circuit: This circuit is involved in attention and concentration. When it is altered, it can lead to difficulties in maintaining attention and making decisions
- The circuit of cognitive control: This circuit is involved in planning, problem solving and impulse control. When it is altered, it can lead to difficulties in making decisions and adjusting one’s behavior.
Brighter future for depressed patients
This discovery opens new perspectives for the treatment of depression. By identifying a patient’s specific subtype of depression, doctors can choose the most effective treatment. For example, a patient with a dysregulation of the pleasure circuit might benefit from therapy that focuses on increasing dopamine levels, a neurotransmitter involved in the reward system.
Challenges and future prospects
Despite the promising results of this research, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to develop more accessible and reliable diagnostic tools. It is also important to note that depression is a complex condition influenced by a variety of factors, including genetic, environmental and psychological.