Low Hemoglobin: causes and treatment

By Cristiano Antonino Last updated Jun 6, 2023

Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells. Your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. If you have a condition that affects your body’s ability to make red blood cells, your hemoglobin levels may drop

Low hemoglobin levels may be a symptom of several conditions, including different kinds of anemia and cancer.

Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells.

Your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body.

Oxygen powers your cells and gives you energy.

A low hemoglobin level may be a sign of several conditions, including different kinds of anemia and cancer.

If a disease or condition affects your body’s ability to produce red blood cells, your hemoglobin levels may drop.

When your hemoglobin level is low, it means your body isn’t getting enough oxygen, making you feel very tired and weak.

Normal hemoglobin levels are different for men and women.

For men, a normal level ranges between 14.0 grams per deciliter (gm/dL) and 17.5 gm/dL.

For women, a normal level ranges between 12.3 gm/dL and 15.3 gm/dL.

A severe low hemoglobin level for men is 13.5 gm/dL or lower.

For women, a severe low hemoglobin level is 12 gm/dL.

Healthcare providers diagnose low hemoglobin by taking samples of your blood and measuring the amount of hemoglobin in it.

This is a hemoglobin test.

They may also analyze different types of hemoglobin in your red blood cells, or hemoglobin electrophoresis.

Several factors affect hemoglobin levels:

Your body doesn’t make enough red blood cells. Your body produces red blood cells and white blood cells in your bone marrow. Sometimes, conditions and diseases affect your bone marrow’s ability to produce or support enough red blood cells.
Your body produces enough red blood cells, but the cells are dying faster than your body can replace them.
You’re losing blood from injury or illness. You lose iron anytime you lose blood. Sometimes, women have low hemoglobin levels when they have their periods. You may also lose blood if you have internal bleeding, such as a bleeding ulcer.
Your body can’t absorb iron, which affects your body’s ability to develop red blood cells.
You’re not getting enough essential nutrients like iron and vitamins B12 and B9.

Your bone marrow produces red blood cells. Diseases, conditions and other factors that affect red blood cell production include:

Lymphoma. Lymphoma is a term for cancers in your lymphatic system. If you have lymphoma cells in your bone marrow, those cells can crowd out red blood cells, reducing the number of red blood cells.
Leukemia. Leukemia is cancer of your blood and bone marrow. Leukemia cells in your bone marrow can limit the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.
Anemia. There are many kinds of anemias involving low hemoglobin levels. For example, if you have aplastic anemia, the stem cells in your bone marrow don’t create enough blood cells. In pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder keeps your body from absorbing vitamin B12. Without enough B12, your body produces fewer red blood cells.
Multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma causes your body to develop abnormal plasma cells that may displace red blood cells.
Myelodysplastic syndromes. This condition happens when your blood stem cells don’t become healthy blood cells.
Chronic kidney disease. Your kidneys make a hormone that signals your bone marrow to make red blood cells. Chronic kidney disease affects this process.
Antiretroviral medications. These medications treat certain viruses. Sometimes, these medications damage your bone marrow, affecting its ability to make enough red blood cells.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may affect bone marrow cells, reducing the number of red blood cells your bone marrow produces.

Your bone marrow constantly produces red blood cells. Red blood cells live about 120 days in your bloodstream.

Some factors that affect that lifespan include:

Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Your spleen filters red blood cells as the cells move through your body. It traps and destroys damaged or dying red blood cells. Some diseases cause your spleen to increase in size. When this happens, your spleen traps more red blood cells than usual, essentially ending those cells’ lifespan earlier than usual.
Sickle cell anemia. This is a blood disease that affects your hemoglobin.
Thalassemias. These are blood disorders that affect your body’s ability to make hemoglobin and red blood cells.