Patent Ductus Arteriosus: what it is and what it causes

In patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the lumen of the ductus remains open after birth

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta.

In patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the lumen of the ductus remains open after birth.

This creates a left to right shunt of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery and results in recirculation of pulmonary blood through the lungs.

The prognosis is good if the shunt is small or surgical repair is effective.

The pathophysiology of patent ductus arteriosus stems from the following:

Non-modifiable Factors

  • Genetics: Congenital heart defects appear to run in families and sometimes occur with other genetic problems, such as Down syndrome.
  • Age: Patent ductus arteriosus is more common in premature babies. Also, babies with other types of congenital heart defects often have a patent ductus arteriosus.
  • Gender: PDA is twice as common in girls as in boys.

Modifiable Factors

Experiencing any of the following conditions during pregnancy can increase the risk of having a baby with a heart defect.

  • Rubella infection: Becoming infected with rubella (German measles) while pregnant can increase the risk of fetal heart defects. The rubella virus crosses the placenta and spreads through the fetus’s circulatory system damaging blood vessels and organs, including the heart.
  • Poorly controlled diabetes: Uncontrolled diabetes in the mother in turn affects the fetus’s blood sugar causing various damaging effects to the developing fetus.
  • Drug or alcohol use or exposure to certain substances: Use of certain medications, alcohol or drugs, or exposure to chemicals or radiation during pregnancy can harm the developing fetus.
  • Presence of other congenital heart defects. Babies with other types of congenital heart defects often have a patent ductus arteriosus.

Patent ductus arteriosus is the most common congenital heart defect among adults

PDA is found in 1 of every 2, 500 to 5, 000 infants.

It affects twice as many females as males.

Normally, the ductus arteriosus closes within days to weeks after birth, and the failure to close may be attributed to the following factors:

  • Prematurity. PDA is most prevalent in premature neonates, probably as a result of abnormalities in oxygenation.
  • Prostaglandin E. The relaxant action of prostaglandin E prevents ductal spasm and contracture necessary for closure.
  • Other congenital defects. PDA commonly accompanies rubella syndrome and may be associated with other congenital defects, such as coarctation of the aorta, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary and aortic stenoses.

Clinical Manifestations

Initially, PDA may produce no clinical effects, but in time it can precipitate pulmonary vascular disease, causing symptoms to appear by age 40.

  • Respiratory distress. A large PDA usually produces respiratory distress.
  • Heart failure. There are signs of heart failure due to the tremendous volume of blood shunted to the lungs through a patent ductus and the increased workload on the left side of the heart
  • Low immune system. The patient has a high susceptibility to respiratory tract infections.
  • Slow motor development. The patient’s motor skills expand and develop slower than the average person does.
  • Physical underdevelopment. One of the signs of heart disease is the physical underdevelopment of the patient’s body.
  • Heart murmur. Auscultation reveals a continuous murmur best
  • Bounding peripheral pulses. Peripheral arterial pulses are bounding; also called Corrigan’s pulse.
  • Widened pulse pressure. Pulse pressure is widened because of an elevation in the systolic blood pressure, and primarily, a drop in the diastolic pressure.

Patent ductus arteriosus, if left untreated, could lead to the following:

  • Left-sided heart failure. The left-to-right shunting of the blood renders the cardiac muscles of the left chamber overworked and leads to heart failure.
  • Pulmonary artery hypertension. There is increased pulmonary venous return leading to pulmonary hypertension.

Patent ductus arteriosus is diagnosed by the following:

  • Chest x-ray. Chest x-ray may show increased pulmonary vascular findings, prominent pulmonary arteries, and left ventricle and aorta enlargement.
  • Electrocardiography (ECG). ECG may be normal or may indicate left atrial or ventricular hypertrophy and in pulmonary vascular disease, biventricular hypertrophy.
  • Echocardiography. Echocardiography detects and helps determine the size of PDA.

Medical Management

  • Asymptomatic children do not require immediate treatment but those with heart failure require the following:
  • Fluid restriction. Fluids should be restricted or controlled to avoid overloading the heart.

Pharmacologic Therapy

Medications for the patient with PDA include:

  • Prostaglandin analogs. The ductus arteriosus can be induced to remain open by administering prostaglandin analogs such as alprostadil (a prostaglandin E1 analog).
  • Antibiotics. Before surgery, children with PDA require antibiotics to protect against infective endocarditis.
  • Indomethacin. Indomethacin is a prostaglandin inhibitor that’s an alternative to surgery in premature neonates and induces ductus spasm and closure.

Surgical Management

Other forms of therapy include surgical interventions such as:

  • Cardiac catheterization. In cardiac catheterization, a plug or coil is deposited in the ductus to stop the shunting.
  • Ligation. The DA may be closed by ligation, wherein the DA is manually tied shut, or with intravascular coils or plugs that leads to formation of a thrombus in the DA.

Nursing Management

Nursing management for a patient with patent ductus arteriosus include:

Nursing Assessment

Assessment should focus on:

  • Activity and rest. The nurse should assess for weakness, fatigue, dizziness, a sense of pulsing, and even sleep disorders.
  • Circulation. Circulatory assessment should include history trigger conditions, history of heart murmurs and palpitations, BP, and pulse pressure.
  • Food and fluids. The nurse should assess for dysphagia and changes in body weight.

Nursing Diagnosis

Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses include:

  • Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen consumption of the body and supply of oxygen to the cells.
  • Anxiety related to hospital care or lack of support system.
  • Deficient knowledge related to the condition and treatment needs.

Nursing Care Planning & Goals

The major goals for the patient are:

  • Maintain adequate cardiac output.
  • Reduce the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.
  • Maintain adequate levels of activity.
  • Provide support for growth and development.
  • Maintain appropriate weight and height development.

Nursing Interventions

Patent ductus arteriosus necessitates careful monitoring, patient and family teaching, and emotional support.

  • Signs and symptoms. Watch carefully for signs of PDA in premature infants.
  • Monitoring. Frequently assess vital signs, ECG, electrolyte levels, and intake and output.
  • Adverse effects of indomethacin. If the infant receives indomethacin for ductus closure, watch for possible adverse effects, such as diarrhea, jaundice, bleeding, and renal dysfunction.
  • Preoperative instructions. Before surgery, carefully explain all treatments and tests to parents, including the child, and tell them about expected IV lines, monitoring equipment, and postoperative procedures.
  • Postoperative procedures. Immediately after surgery, the child may have a central venous pressure catheter and an arterial line in place, so careful assessment of vital signs, intake and output, and arterial and venous pressures are needed, as well as pain relief.

Evaluation

Expected outcomes include:

  • Reduced the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance.
  • Maintained adequate levels of activity.
  • Provided support for growth and development.
  • Maintained appropriate weight and height development.

Read Also

Emergency Live Even More…Live: Download The New Free App Of Your Newspaper For IOS And Android

What Are The Symptoms Of Heart Failure?

Mitral Valve Narrowing Of The Heart: Mitral Stenosis

Diseases Of The Valves Of The Heart: Aortic Stenosis

Congenital Heart Disease: Tricuspid Atresia

Heart Disease: The Atrial Septal Defect

Silent Heart Attacks: What Do Asymptomatic Signs Of A Heart Attack Mean?

What Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Is And How It Is Treated

Heart Valve Alteration: Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome

Congenital Heart Diseases: The Myocardial Bridge

Sports Cardiology: What It Is For And Who It Is For

Heart Rate Alterations: Bradycardia

What Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Is And How It Is Treated

Heart Disease: The Atrial Septal Defect

The Decalogue For Measuring Blood Pressure: General Indications And Normal Values

Cardiac Holter, Who Needs It And When

Cardiac Rhythm Restoration Procedures: Electrical Cardioversion

Altered Heart Rate: Palpitations

Heart: What Is A Heart Attack And How Do We Intervene?

Do You Have Heart Palpitations? Here Is What They Are And What They Indicate

Palpitations: What Causes Them And What To Do

Cardiac Arrest: What It Is, What The Symptoms Are And How To Intervene

Electrocardiogram (ECG): What It Is For, When It Is Needed

What Are The Risks Of WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White) Syndrome

Heart Failure And Artificial Intelligence: Self-Learning Algorithm To Detect Signs Invisible To The ECG

Heart Failure: Symptoms And Possible Treatments

What Is Heart Failure And How Can It Be Recognised?

Inflammations Of The Heart: Myocarditis, Infective Endocarditis And Pericarditis

Quickly Finding – And Treating – The Cause Of A Stroke May Prevent More: New Guidelines

Atrial Fibrillation: Symptoms To Watch Out For

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: What It Is And How To Treat It

Do You Have Episodes Of Sudden Tachycardia? You May Suffer From Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW)

What Is Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (Broken Heart Syndrome)?

Heart Disease: What Is Cardiomyopathy?

Inflammations Of The Heart: Myocarditis, Infective Endocarditis And Pericarditis

Heart Murmurs: What It Is And When To Be Concerned

Broken Heart Syndrome Is On The Rise: We Know Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Heart Attack, Some Information For Citizens: What Is The Difference With Cardiac Arrest?

Heart Attack, Prediction And Prevention Thanks To Retinal Vessels And Artificial Intelligence

Full Dynamic Electrocardiogram According To Holter: What Is It?

Heart Attack: What Is It?

In-Depth Analysis Of The Heart: Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CARDIO – MRI)

Palpitations: What They Are, What Are The Symptoms And What Pathologies They Can Indicate

Cardiac Asthma: What It Is And What It Is A Symptom Of

Heart Attack: Characteristics, Causes And Treatment Of Myocardial Infarction

What Is Aortic Regurgitation? An Overview

Source

Nurses Labs

You might also like