Semeiotics of the heart: cardiac auscultation foci
Auscultation of the heart, during the objective test, should be performed on cardiac foci, 5 specific zones that correspond to the valve foci
Auscultation of the heart: the aortic foci
It is present in the 2nd right intercostal space on the marginal-sternal or parasternal line (it is important to auscultate this foci in the elderly subject because atherosclerotic pathology can easily affect this foci, giving rise to a murmur, while in an elderly hypertensive patient in this foci we can hear a fluttering tone, a first accentuated tone)
Cardiac auscultation: the pulmonary foci
It is located on the left II intercostal space on the left marginosternal or parasternal line.
Tricuspid foci
Located on the right 4th intercostal space at the margin of the sternum.
Mitral foci
It is located on the fourth to fifth intercostal space at the height of the left hemiclavicular line (it represents the itctus of the tip of the heart).
Erb’s focioleum
Represents the elective focus of aortic murmurs, belongs to the mesocardium and is located in the centre of the quadrilateral determined by the remaining four auscultation points.
It is located at the level of the third left intercostal space on the parasternal line, immediately below the pulmonary artery foci.
Some sources locate it at the level of the fourth intercostal space.
It is the point where auscultation of the aortic component of the second cardiac tone and cardiac murmurs caused by aortic valve alterations can be performed.
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